{"id":23514,"date":"2026-08-05T09:36:54","date_gmt":"2026-08-05T08:36:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/?p=23514"},"modified":"2026-08-05T09:45:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-05T08:45:58","slug":"under-corrected-refractive-error-university-students","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/08\/05\/under-corrected-refractive-error-university-students\/","title":{"rendered":"Under-Corrected Refractive Error in University Students"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"23514\" class=\"elementor elementor-23514\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d0a9e7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5d0a9e7d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15e76336 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15e76336\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-332da2cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"332da2cb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61fe3ba4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61fe3ba4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000066;\">Prevalence of Under-corrected Refractive Error and Prescription Gaps Among University Students: A Retrospective Research Report<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1d3f47 elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"a1d3f47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/css\/widget-icon-list.min.css\"><link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/pro-elements\/assets\/css\/widget-theme-elements.min.css?ver=1747297119\">\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0d080fc elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-calendar\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M12 192h424c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v260c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V204c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12zm436-44v-36c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48h-48V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H160V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v36c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h424c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>05\/08\/2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-e2c89b4 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"about\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-tags\" viewBox=\"0 0 640 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M497.941 225.941L286.059 14.059A48 48 0 0 0 252.118 0H48C21.49 0 0 21.49 0 48v204.118a48 48 0 0 0 14.059 33.941l211.882 211.882c18.744 18.745 49.136 18.746 67.882 0l204.118-204.118c18.745-18.745 18.745-49.137 0-67.882zM112 160c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48s21.49-48 48-48 48 21.49 48 48-21.49 48-48 48zm513.941 133.823L421.823 497.941c-18.745 18.745-49.137 18.745-67.882 0l-.36-.36L527.64 323.522c16.999-16.999 26.36-39.6 26.36-63.64s-9.362-46.641-26.36-63.64L331.397 0h48.721a48 48 0 0 1 33.941 14.059l211.882 211.882c18.745 18.745 18.745 49.137 0 67.882z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-terms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/refractive-correction\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">refractive correction<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/refractive-error-prevalence\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">refractive error prevalence<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/university-students-vision\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">university students vision<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/visual-acuity\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">visual acuity<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42c72d64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42c72d64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"right\"} --><\/h3><p>By<b>\u00a0Alecx Kriz A. Fajardo,\u00a0<\/b>student of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/master-in-optometry\/\">Master in Clinical Optometry and Hearing Therapy<\/a><\/p><p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p><h2>Abstract<\/h2><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This research report investigated the prevalence of under-corrected refractive error and the magnitude of the prescription gap among university students evaluated at the Centro Escolar University Vision and Eye Care Center. The study employed a quantitative, retrospective record review to determine the adequacy of students&#8217; current optical interventions. Data were gathered from 200 archived clinical records of tertiary students aged 17 to 26 years. The study compared habitual spectacle prescriptions, verified via lensometry, against true refractive requirements determined through clinical manifest refraction. A prescription gap was operationalized as a Spherical Equivalent (SE) difference strictly greater than 0.50 Diopters or an independent visual acuity improvement of at least one line (\u2265 0.1 logMAR) on a digital chart. The results revealed that 54.00% of the sample wore under-corrected spectacles. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test confirmed a statistically significant discrepancy between habitual and manifest refractions (p &lt; 0.001). Notably, while the mean dioptric gap was mathematically modest (0.375 D), 63.50% of students were systematically under-minused, and 46.00% achieved clinically meaningful visual acuity improvements with a new prescription. These findings suggest that many university student patients were wearing spectacle prescriptions that differed from their current refractive status, potentially affecting visual performance during academically demanding activities.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><br \/>Keywords: <em>under-corrected refractive error, prescription gap, university students, spherical equivalent, visual acuity, retrospective review<\/em><\/p><p>    <style>\n        #bplde-embed-1 {\n            width: 100%;\n            height: 600px;\n        }\n        @media (max-width: 991px) {\n            #bplde-embed-1 {\n                width: 100%;\n                height: 600px;\n            }\n        }\n        @media (max-width: 767px) {\n            #bplde-embed-1 {\n                width: 100%;\n                height: 600px;\n            }\n        }\n    <\/style>\n\n    <div class=\"bplde-document-embed-frontend\"\n         id=\"bplde-embed-1\"\n         data-attributes=\"{&quot;docId&quot;:23516,&quot;documentSource&quot;:{&quot;doc&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/saera.eu\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/Fajardo-A.-K.-A.-2026.-Prevalence-of-Under-corrected-Refractive-Error-and-Prescription.-Gaps-Among-University-Students-A-Retrospective-Research-Report.-SAERA.pdf&quot;,&quot;viewer&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;googleDrive&quot;:false},&quot;toolbar&quot;:{&quot;showName&quot;:false,&quot;download&quot;:true,&quot;_de_download_position&quot;:&quot;toolbar&quot;,&quot;theme&quot;:&quot;dark&quot;,&quot;toolbar_bg_color&quot;:&quot;#343434&quot;,&quot;toolbar_text_color&quot;:&quot;#ffffff&quot;},&quot;displayDimensions&quot;:{&quot;width&quot;:{&quot;desktop&quot;:&quot;100%&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;:&quot;100%&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;:&quot;100%&quot;},&quot;height&quot;:{&quot;desktop&quot;:&quot;600px&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;:&quot;600px&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;:&quot;600px&quot;}},&quot;securityRestrictions&quot;:{&quot;disablePopout&quot;:false,&quot;loading_icon&quot;:false},&quot;downloadManagement&quot;:{&quot;downloadButtonText&quot;:&quot;Download&quot;,&quot;_de_download_behavior&quot;:&quot;download&quot;,&quot;_de_download_filename&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;_de_download_show_count&quot;:false,&quot;_de_download_limit&quot;:0,&quot;_de_download_access&quot;:&quot;everyone&quot;,&quot;_de_download_access_roles&quot;:[],&quot;_de_download_access_message&quot;:&quot;Access Denied&quot;,&quot;_de_email_gate&quot;:false},&quot;lightbox&quot;:{&quot;lightbox&quot;:false,&quot;lightbox_btn_text&quot;:&quot;View Document&quot;,&quot;lightbox_btn_color&quot;:&quot;#ffffff&quot;,&quot;lightbox_btn_background&quot;:&quot;#333333&quot;,&quot;lightbox_btn_size&quot;:&quot;medium&quot;}}\"\n         data-user=\"{&quot;isLoggedIn&quot;:true,&quot;userRoles&quot;:[&quot;administrator&quot;],&quot;limitReached&quot;:false,&quot;downloadCount&quot;:0}\"\n         data-plugin-url=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/document-emberdder\/\"\n         data-post-id=\"23516\">\n        <div class=\"bplde-loading-placeholder\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 4px;\">\n            <p>Loading Viewer&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/p><p>Download the full Research Work: <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Fajardo-A.-K.-A.-2026.-Prevalence-of-Under-corrected-Refractive-Error-and-Prescription.-Gaps-Among-University-Students-A-Retrospective-Research-Report.-SAERA.pdf\">Fajardo, A. K. A. (2026). Prevalence of Under corrected Refractive Error and Prescription. Gaps Among University Students A Retrospective Research Report. 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          <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 5 August 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/08\/05\/under-corrected-refractive-error-university-students\/\">Under-Corrected Refractive Error in University Students<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/08\/05\/under-corrected-refractive-error-university-students\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_articles filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/08\/05\/comparative-hearing-aid-signal-processing-review\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1407\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bou-Mrad-G-2025.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bou-Mrad-G-2025.png 1407w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bou-Mrad-G-2025-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bou-Mrad-G-2025-1024x559.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bou-Mrad-G-2025-768x419.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1407px) 100vw, 1407px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 5 August 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                  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href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/07\/24\/preliminary-descriptive-case-of-aba-applied-behavior-analysis-intervention-on-expressive-language-development-of-autism-spectrum-disorder\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/d73ccfe5-2185-468b-bb07-c2717c2118e6.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/d73ccfe5-2185-468b-bb07-c2717c2118e6.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/d73ccfe5-2185-468b-bb07-c2717c2118e6-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/d73ccfe5-2185-468b-bb07-c2717c2118e6-768x419.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 24 July 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/07\/24\/preliminary-descriptive-case-of-aba-applied-behavior-analysis-intervention-on-expressive-language-development-of-autism-spectrum-disorder\/\">Preliminary Descriptive Case of ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) Intervention on Expressive Language Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/07\/24\/preliminary-descriptive-case-of-aba-applied-behavior-analysis-intervention-on-expressive-language-development-of-autism-spectrum-disorder\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/07\/08\/midwives-knowledge-and-attitude-regarding-newborn-hearing-screening-at-kamuzu-central-hospital\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1264\" height=\"842\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Gemini_Generated_Image_b9ikyvb9ikyvb9ik.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Gemini_Generated_Image_b9ikyvb9ikyvb9ik.png 1264w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Gemini_Generated_Image_b9ikyvb9ikyvb9ik-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Gemini_Generated_Image_b9ikyvb9ikyvb9ik-1024x682.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Gemini_Generated_Image_b9ikyvb9ikyvb9ik-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1264px) 100vw, 1264px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 8 July 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/07\/08\/midwives-knowledge-and-attitude-regarding-newborn-hearing-screening-at-kamuzu-central-hospital\/\">Midwives Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Newborn Hearing Screening at Kamuzu Central Hospital<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/07\/08\/midwives-knowledge-and-attitude-regarding-newborn-hearing-screening-at-kamuzu-central-hospital\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t                 \r\n                         \r\n                <\/div>   \r\n                               \r\n            \t    \r\n                              \r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t   \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prevalence of Under-corrected Refractive Error and Prescription Gaps Among University Students: A Retrospective Research Report By\u00a0Alecx Kriz A. Fajardo,\u00a0student of the\u00a0Master in Clinical Optometry and Hearing Therapy Abstract This research report investigated the prevalence of under-corrected refractive error and the magnitude of the prescription gap among university students evaluated at the Centro Escolar University Vision&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23513,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[176,89,93],"tags":[207,202,199,206],"class_list":["post-23514","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-masters-thesis","category-optometry","tag-refractive-correction","tag-refractive-error-prevalence","tag-university-students-vision","tag-visual-acuity"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Under-Corrected Refractive Error in University Students - 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