{"id":15469,"date":"2020-04-09T14:34:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-09T13:34:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/?p=15469"},"modified":"2025-03-03T14:24:19","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T14:24:19","slug":"role-of-optometrist-in-glaucoma-assessment-and-management","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2020\/04\/09\/role-of-optometrist-in-glaucoma-assessment-and-management\/","title":{"rendered":"Role of Optometrist in Glaucoma: Assessment and Management"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"15469\" class=\"elementor elementor-15469\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2847ff46 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2847ff46\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c4341a9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c4341a9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a6ff9f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a6ff9f7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20ddd3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20ddd3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #000666;\">Role of Optometrist in Glaucoma: Assessment and Management<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-171cb611 elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"171cb611\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/css\/widget-icon-list.min.css\"><link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/pro-elements\/assets\/css\/widget-theme-elements.min.css?ver=1747297119\">\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0d080fc elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-calendar\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M12 192h424c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v260c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V204c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12zm436-44v-36c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48h-48V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H160V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v36c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h424c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>09\/04\/2020<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-e2c89b4 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"about\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-tags\" viewBox=\"0 0 640 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M497.941 225.941L286.059 14.059A48 48 0 0 0 252.118 0H48C21.49 0 0 21.49 0 48v204.118a48 48 0 0 0 14.059 33.941l211.882 211.882c18.744 18.745 49.136 18.746 67.882 0l204.118-204.118c18.745-18.745 18.745-49.137 0-67.882zM112 160c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48s21.49-48 48-48 48 21.49 48 48-21.49 48-48 48zm513.941 133.823L421.823 497.941c-18.745 18.745-49.137 18.745-67.882 0l-.36-.36L527.64 323.522c16.999-16.999 26.36-39.6 26.36-63.64s-9.362-46.641-26.36-63.64L331.397 0h48.721a48 48 0 0 1 33.941 14.059l211.882 211.882c18.745 18.745 18.745 49.137 0 67.882z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-terms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/glaucoma\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Glaucoma<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/optometry\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Optometry<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47620cb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47620cb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"right\"} --><\/h3>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\" style=\"text-align: right;\">By\u00a0<strong>Filip Kecer<\/strong>,\u00a0Expert Certificate in Clinical <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\">Optometry<\/a>\u00a0student<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\">optometrist<\/a> is a\u00a0critical member of the glaucoma patient management team. His responsibilities in the care of patients with glaucoma include:<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Identifying factors that may indicate glaucoma (anamnesis)<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Performing key tests to characterize the glaucoma patient\u2019s status<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Aiding in glaucoma patients\u2019 treatment by explaining their condition, demonstrating treatment techniques, monitoring their compliance and treatment efficacy in preventing progression<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Assisting in pre-op preparation and post-op care of glaucoma surgical patients<\/p>\n<h3>What is Glaucoma?<\/h3>\n<p>According to a\u00a0WHO survey, glaucoma is emerging as the second leading cause of blindness worldwide (Khanna &amp; Ichhpujani, 2012). Usually, it is asymptomatic until a relatively late stage. The understanding of the disease is essential and may assist physicians and optometrists in referring high-risk patients for comprehensive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\">ophthalmologic examination<\/a>. It is important to enable physicians and optometrists to actively participate in the care of patients affected by this condition.<\/p>\n<p>Glaucoma is a nonspecific term used to describe a group of progressive optic neuropathies characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and resultant changes in the optic nerve head (ONH). Ganglion cell loss is related to the level of intraocular pressure (IOP), but other risk factors may also play a role. Increased IOP can cause mechanical stress and strain on the posterior structures of the eye, most notably on the ONH and its accompanying tissues, such as the lamina cribrosa and neuroretinal rim (Quigley, 1981). Increases of fluctuations of IOP may result in compression and deformation of the ONH structures with following mechanical damage of axons. This mechanical damage may lead to rupture of axonal transport of molecules that are required for the survival of RGCs.<\/p>\n<p>Glaucoma can be classified into two main categories: open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma. Secondary glaucoma can result from tumours, trauma, inflammation, etc. Reduction of IOP is currently the only proven modifiable risk factor to treat the disease.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">Glaucoma assessment<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:shortcode --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:shortcode --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac3423c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ac3423c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"276\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/admin-ajax-1.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-15478\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/admin-ajax-1.webp 600w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/admin-ajax-1-300x138.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe9c2f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe9c2f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are few\u00a0 diagnostic tests, that should be taken in every glaucoma suspect:<\/p>\n<h3>Intraocular pressure: tonometry<\/h3>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31db9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d31db9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>Applanation tonometry is based on the Imbert-Fick principle, which asserts that the pressure (P) inside a sphere equals the force (F) necessary to flatten its surface divided by the area (A) of flattening, P=F\/A (Townsend &amp; McSoley, 2015).\u00a0In practice, numerous methods use this concept to measure intraocular pressure. However, few examples of the physical properties of the ocular surface that have influence on applanation measurements can be given: corneal resistance, surface tension of the tears or central cornea thickness. Various methods of IOP measurement employ applanation tonometry, including Goldmann applanation tonometry, a Perkins tonometer, non-contact tonometers, Rebound tonometry, or the newest hand-held tonometer in category \u2013 iCare.<\/p>\n<h3>Gonioscopy<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e95f32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e95f32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>Gonioscopy is a clinical technique used to examine the structures of the anterior chamber angle (Berlin, et al., 2018). With this technique one can differentiate between the two major types of glaucoma: open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma, using a two major types of lenses: a \u201cdirect\u201d goniolens and an \u201cindirect\u201d, mirrored lens.<\/p>\n<h3>Central cornea thickness<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c88206 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c88206\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>The role of corneal thickness is being assessed today. In understanding the patient\u2019s actual IOP, thin corneas may place patients under grater risks. Corneal thickness is measured by pachymeter, shows results in micrometers. Newer generations uses ultrasound or OCT to evaluate the corneal thickness.<\/p>\n<h4>Structural: Optic nerve<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f3bd26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f3bd26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>\u2013 stereo disc photography<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 nerve fiber layer thickness (optical coherence tomography [OCT])<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM)<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 confocal scanning <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\">ophthalmoscopy<\/a> (He6idelberg retina tomograph)<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 retinal nerve fiber layer assessment (GDx VCC)<\/p>\n<p>Inspection of the\u00a0<strong>optic disc<\/strong>\u00a0is key to diagnose glaucoma. Because of an abnormal IOP, the cumulative effect of pressure results in atrophy of the RGCs and of the ONH at its exit from the eye, called the optic disc. Optometrists specialiazed on glaucoma follow the changes in the optic disc at regular events by photographing the disc and noticing changes over time. In my practice, we use\u00a0<strong>Heidelberg retina tomograph<\/strong>\u00a0(HRT) and\u00a0<strong>OCT<\/strong>\u00a0Spectralis with Glaucoma premium module (GMPE) to examine and evaluate changes on the optic disc over time. HRT has been considered as the gold standard for glaucoma specialists, however, GMPE now offers scan patterns based on unique anatomical landmarks with focus on multiple analysis options and accuracy. Moreover, GMPE compares patients\u2019 eye to a\u00a0normative database of healthy eyes, and can also monitoring eye status and structural changes from visit to visit.<\/p>\n<h4>Functional: Visual fields<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-182729c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"182729c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>\u2013 Standard automated perimetry ([SAP] white on white)<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Short-wave automated perimetry ([SWAP] blue on yellow)<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Frequency doubling technology (FDT) (Berlin, et al., 2018)<\/p>\n<p>Although deep examination of the ONH can reveal signs of RGC axonal loss, we can find wide variability of its appearance in the healthy population. For this reason, importance of perimetry must not be neglected.\u00a0<strong>Visual field<\/strong> (VF) defects characteristic of glaucoma are usually used to confirm the diagnosis. However, up to 50% or RGCs may be lost before defects are detectable by standard VF testing (Harwerth, et al., 2010). Evaluation and documentation of structural damage to the optic nerve over time must be essential in the diagnosis of the disease.<\/p>\n<h3>Optometrist&#8217;s role\u00a0<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>\u201cAll optometrists are expected to at least recognize that a problem exists and refer the patient to another practitioner.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4226714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4226714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"219\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/admin-ajax-2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-15479\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/admin-ajax-2.webp 600w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/admin-ajax-2-300x110.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60a1476 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"60a1476\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The situation with optometrists vary continent to continent, country to country. Each optometrist have different training, experience and allowance. In some countries, optometrists are allowed to perform refractions, give glasses prescriptions, offer contact lens fitting, and in some cases preoperative evaluation before refraction surgery. In others, they are allowed to prescribe low vision aids for partially sighted, or detect ocular pathology and inform medical doctor of patients\u2019 pathology, for example about glaucoma. If an optometrist is trained in glaucoma, he\/she can offer a lot of important information about the patients\u2019 pathology to medical doctor.<\/p>\n<p>Optometrists in UK, or some US states are allowed to use therapeutic drops or even use SLT for anterior segment procedures, so for glaucoma, too. However, there is a limit to what most optometrists are comfortable with, because they recognize that glaucoma can be a blinding disease. All optometrists, no matter their level of licensure, are expected to at least recognize that a problem exists and refer the patient to another practitioner.<\/p>\n<p>In my opinion,\u00a0 glaucoma is a widespread disease and every optometrist, no matter what country he works in, should be trained to recognize, basically evaluate and reffer to medical doctor or specialized glaucoma clinic, where the patient should be properly treated. There is no doubt, that optometrist with additional qualification should be allowed to use and prescribe therapeutic drops, that could be considered as a drops of first choice, to glaucoma patients. The patient continues to be a part of the optometrist\u2019s practice but has access to needed expertise of glaucoma specialist. Close relationship between optometrist and medical doctor should be taken as essential.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-241b86d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"241b86d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-toggle{text-align:start}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin:0;padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;cursor:pointer;outline:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon{display:inline-block;width:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon svg{margin-inline-start:-5px;width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-right{float:right;text-align:right}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-left{float:left;text-align:left}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active{border-bottom:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;display:none}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{padding:12px}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:12px 10px}}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-toggle,.e-con>.elementor-widget-toggle{width:var(--container-widget-width);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-6051\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6051\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">References<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-6051\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-6051\"><p>Berlin, M. S., Stein, H. A., Lent-Schochet, D., Quach, C., &amp; Cai, Z. (2018).\u00a0<em>Glaucoma<\/em>. In\u00a0Ophthalmic assistant: a text for allied and associated ophthalmic personnel\u00a0(Tenth, pp. 436\u2013474). New York: Elsevier.<\/p><p>Bryn Mawr Communications. (n.d.).\u00a0<em>The Optometrist\u2019s Role in Glaucoma Care<\/em>. Retrieved March 31, 2020, from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/glaucomatoday.com\/2014\/06\/the-optometrists-role-in-glaucoma-care\/\">http:\/\/glaucomatoday.com\/2014\/06\/the-optometrists-role-in-glaucoma-care\/<\/a><\/p><p>Burgoyne, C. F., Downs, J. C., Bellezza, A. J., Suh, J.-K. F., &amp; Hart, R. T. (2005). The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage.\u00a0<em>Progress in Retinal and Eye Research<\/em>,\u00a0<em>24<\/em>(1), 39\u201373. doi: 10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.06.001<\/p><p>Diniz-Filho, A., Abe, R. Y., Zangwill, L. M., Gracitelli, C. P., Weinreb, R. N., Girkin, C. A., \u2026 Medeiros, F. A. (2016). Association between Intraocular Pressure and Rates of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Loss Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography.\u00a0<em>Ophthalmology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>123<\/em>(10), 2058\u20132065. doi: 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.07.006<\/p><p>Fechtner, R. D., &amp; Weinreb, R. N. (1994). Mechanisms of optic nerve damage in primary open angle glaucoma.\u00a0<em>Survey of Ophthalmology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>39<\/em>(1), 23\u201342. doi: 10.1016\/s0039-6257(05)80042-6<\/p><p>Harwerth, R., Wheat, J., Fredette, M., &amp; Anderson, D. (2010). Linking structure and function in glaucoma.\u00a0<em>Progress in Retinal and Eye Research<\/em>,\u00a0<em>29<\/em>(4), 249\u2013271. doi: 10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2010.02.001<\/p><p>Jampel, H. D., Friedman, D., Quigley, H., Vitale, S., Miller, R., Knezevich, F., &amp; Ding, Y. (2009). Agreement Among Glaucoma Specialists in Assessing Progressive Disc Changes From<\/p><p>Photographs in Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients.\u00a0<em>American Journal of Ophthalmology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>147<\/em>(1). doi: 10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.07.023<\/p><p>Khanna, A., &amp; Ichhpujani, P. (2012). Low Vision Aids in Glaucoma.\u00a0<em>Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice<\/em>,\u00a0<em>6<\/em>(1), 20\u201324. doi: 10.5005\/jp-journals-10008-1104<\/p><p>Medeiros, F. A. (2009). Prediction of Functional Loss in Glaucoma From Progressive Optic Disc Damage.\u00a0<em>Archives of Ophthalmology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>127<\/em>(10), 1250. doi: 10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.276<\/p><p>Quigley, H. A. (1981). Optic Nerve Damage in Human Glaucoma.\u00a0<em>Archives of Ophthalmology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>99<\/em>(4), 635. doi: 10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930010635009<\/p><p>Stein, H. A., Stein, R. M., &amp; Freeman, M. I. (2018).\u00a0<em>Ophthalmic assistant: a text for allied and associated ophthalmic personnel\u00a0(Tenth)<\/em>. New York: Elsevier.<\/p><p>Townsend, N. A. (2015, May 15).\u00a0<em>The Do\u2019s and Don\u2019ts of Measuring IOP<\/em>. Retrieved March 31, 2020, from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reviewofoptometry.com\/article\/the-dos-and-donts-of-measuring-iop\">https:\/\/www.reviewofoptometry.com\/article\/the-dos-and-donts-of-measuring-iop<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fd5a75b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2fd5a75b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51a38eb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"51a38eb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container{height:100%;width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty{position:relative;min-height:22px;min-width:22px}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;padding:0;width:22px;height:22px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ee3114a elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-text\" data-id=\"2ee3114a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-text.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Check our educational programmes:<\/h5>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5516209f e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5516209f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38fc7ef elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"38fc7ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-content{width:100%}@media (min-width:768px){.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper,.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{display:flex}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:end;flex-direction:row-reverse}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:start;flex-direction:row}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-top .elementor-image-box-img{margin:auto}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-top .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-start}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-middle .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-bottom .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-end}}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-bottom:15px}}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-title a{color:inherit}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-description{margin:0}<\/style><div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/audiology\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14634\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/audiology\/\">Audiology<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fd75f8a elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"6fd75f8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14637\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\">Optometry<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ef6be33 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"4ef6be33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14636\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">Neuroscience<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39708fc8 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"39708fc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/speech-and-language-therapy-programmes\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14635\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/speech-and-language-therapy-programmes\/\">Speech-Language Pathology<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2da55c5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-text\" data-id=\"2da55c5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-text.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Search:<\/h5>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b4b844f elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-search\" data-id=\"3b4b844f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-search.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<form role=\"search\" class=\"bs-search search-form\" method=\"get\" action=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/\">\n    <div class=\"search-wrap\">\n    \t<label class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n    \t\tSearch for:    \t<\/label>\n        <input type=\"search\" placeholder=\"Searching...\" name=\"s\" class=\"search-input\" value=\"\" \/>\n        <button type=\"submit\"  value=\"Search\"><i class=\"flaticon-search\"><\/i><\/button>\n    <\/div>\n<\/form>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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                               \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 17 March 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">Speech-in-Noise Testing in Arabic: A Literature Review and Clinical Implications for Lebanese Arabic<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 5 March 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">Tinnitus Management and Rehabilitation: The Efficiency of Tinnitus Masker and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Patients with Normal Hearing and Mild to Moderate Hearing Loss<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 17 February 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">Comparative Sound-Processing Strategies in Cochlear Implants: Cochlear (ACE), MED-EL (FS4), and Advanced Bionics (HiRes\/Optima)<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_collaborations \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"685\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-300x171.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-1024x585.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-768x438.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 11 February 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">SAERA Contributes Standardised Assessment Tools to RICPP Testing Laboratory<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t                 \r\n                         \r\n                <\/div>   \r\n                               \r\n            \t    \r\n                              \r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t   \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The optometrist is a critical member of the glaucoma patient management team. In this article,Filip Kecer discusses the optometrist&#8217;s role in glaucoma care.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15470,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[91,176,93],"tags":[143,97],"class_list":["post-15469","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-blog","category-optometry","tag-glaucoma","tag-optometry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Optometrist&#039;s Role in Glaucoma Assessment and Management<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how optometrists play a crucial role in the assessment and management of glaucoma. 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