{"id":15453,"date":"2020-04-28T14:14:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-28T13:14:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/?p=15453"},"modified":"2025-03-03T14:24:19","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T14:24:19","slug":"optometric-evaluation-of-visual-performance-in-ptvs-and-vision-therapy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2020\/04\/28\/optometric-evaluation-of-visual-performance-in-ptvs-and-vision-therapy\/","title":{"rendered":"Optometric Evaluation of Visual Performance in PTVS and Vision Therapy"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"15453\" class=\"elementor elementor-15453\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d975bc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4d975bc\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d24a3a6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d24a3a6\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48aecb9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"48aecb9c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de021a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de021a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"page-title\"><span style=\"color: #000666;\">Optometric Evaluation of Visual Performance in PTVS and Vision Therapy<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a975a91 elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"5a975a91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/css\/widget-icon-list.min.css\"><link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/pro-elements\/assets\/css\/widget-theme-elements.min.css?ver=1747297119\">\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0d080fc elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-calendar\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M12 192h424c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v260c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V204c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12zm436-44v-36c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48h-48V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H160V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v36c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h424c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>28\/04\/2020<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-e2c89b4 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"about\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-tags\" viewBox=\"0 0 640 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M497.941 225.941L286.059 14.059A48 48 0 0 0 252.118 0H48C21.49 0 0 21.49 0 48v204.118a48 48 0 0 0 14.059 33.941l211.882 211.882c18.744 18.745 49.136 18.746 67.882 0l204.118-204.118c18.745-18.745 18.745-49.137 0-67.882zM112 160c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48s21.49-48 48-48 48 21.49 48 48-21.49 48-48 48zm513.941 133.823L421.823 497.941c-18.745 18.745-49.137 18.745-67.882 0l-.36-.36L527.64 323.522c16.999-16.999 26.36-39.6 26.36-63.64s-9.362-46.641-26.36-63.64L331.397 0h48.721a48 48 0 0 1 33.941 14.059l211.882 211.882c18.745 18.745 18.745 49.137 0 67.882z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-terms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/optometry\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Optometry<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/vision-therapy\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Vision Therapy<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-147fa798 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"147fa798\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"right\"} --><\/h3>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\" style=\"text-align: right;\">By\u00a0<strong>Ioannis Dadamogias<\/strong>,\u00a0Expert Certificate in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\">Vision Therapy<\/a> student<\/p>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba5ebb elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7ba5ebb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n<h3 class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\">Optometric Evaluation of Visual Performance in PTVS after Concussion and the Role of Vision Therapy in Rehabilitation of Visual Function\u00a0<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85edba6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85edba6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>Concussion is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) that affects the brain function in many levels and can become manifest with a variety of signs and symptoms. It can occur after an accident during every day activities and is very common in athletes during sports (especially sports with physical contact). Although cases with severe symptoms can immediately and easily be diagnosed (especially by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">neurologists<\/a>), \u201csubcases\u201d with mild or no apparent symptoms can go undiagnosed, many times because the patient does not look for medical opinion and is left untreated until symptoms get worse and interfere with the patient\u2019s quality of life. These patients can suffer from what is named a \u201cPost Traumatic Vision Syndrome\u201d and the symptoms usually persist for at least a 3-month period or longer.\u00a0 This is why an experienced\u00a0<strong>clinical <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\">optometrist<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0can play a significant role in the diagnosis (at least to suspect the existence of a problem) in early stage and management (at least with the mitigation of the visual symptoms) for these patients in collaboration with other medical specialists.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-073f5c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"073f5c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>Because vision is a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">complex neurological function<\/a> any impairment in the central nervous system (CNS) [including the midbrain, the occipital lobe, the Frontal Eye Fields or other brain structures (LGN, MLF, Superior colliculus) involved in the visual process and eye movements] can lead to visual problems. In the case of a concussion or any TBI, some visual functions can be disorganized and this can cause specific problems, mainly related to the continuous sensory-motor feedback process of vision, which enables an individual to interpret its environment, by decoding and binding visual information, and act in it through motion. In other words, a mild disconnection between the system \u201ceye-brain\u201d occurs and that can create a shift in the proper visual function and consequently affecting the person\u2019s ability to accurately interact with its environment. The same can be the case in any kind of neural damage relative to the visual pathways no matter what the cause is. \u00a0<\/p>\n<h6>General symptoms (among others)of a concussion may include:<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u2013 Persistent headaches (even after a long period of time)<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Confusion and discomfort in crowded places (disorientation, and problems with proprioception)<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Balance problems and postural changes (in more severe cases)<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Dizziness and vertigo<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Vomiting and\/or nausea<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Cognitive impairment<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Memory problems<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Sleeping problems<\/p>\n<h6>Visual sign &amp; symptoms of a concussion may include:<\/h6>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed59fa5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed59fa5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>\u2013 Blurred vision<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Double vision<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Low blinking rate with secondary dry eye symptoms<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Anisocoria<\/p>\n<p>-Reading difficulties (changes in performance at school for children that didn\u2019t have such problems before)<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Light and\/or Motion (hyper) sensitivity<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Oculomotor difficulties following a moving object (tracking and pursuit movements)<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Saccadic latency and poor performance in specific tests<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Vergence and accommodative problems leading to eye strain and fatigue especially at close work (reading or working in front of screens). Usually a remote NPC accompanied poor PFC and a drop in the AA (Amplitude of Accommodation)<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Visual field defects<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Intermittent tropias (mainly EXO deviations)<\/p>\n<h6>Optometric examination for patients with Post Traumatic Vision Syndorome\u00a0<\/h6>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ead6156 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ead6156\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>In every patient with a history of brain injury or other neurological events, who presents with or without some of the previous visual or general symptoms, standard tests should be performed by the optometrist during the routine optometric examination. Big changes in the refractive status of such patients can occur, but as a general rule small steps in changing the refraction must be preferred. These patients have difficulties in rearranging space with a new prescription. It is the ability of visual spatial orientation, based on the subconscious discrimination and the feedback between the focal\/central visual process and the ambient\/peripheral visual process (the \u201cdriving part\u201d of vision), that is mainly disturbed on these patients. The visual input of these two processes cannot be matched and, as a result, these patients lose their ability of visual spatial judgment and therefore their way of moving can change under the \u201cnew data\u201d of space perception, through neuropostural adaptation mechanisms. Research based on neuroimaging techniques like fMRI or Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP) is used for the documentation of that clinical phenomenon.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd9d935 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd9d935\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>Apart from the standard optometric examination including a detailed ocular and medical history (regarding the cause of the TBI and possible medication taken) refraction (objective with retinoscopy and subjective) and a thorough binocular vision assessment, other clinical tests that can be used providing the optometrist with additional information about the patient\u2019s visual neural status are the following:<\/p>\n<h4>King Devick (K-D) test<\/h4>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f54e34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f54e34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>It is a test that is approved as the most appropriate rapid visual screening tool for the evaluation of patients who had a whiplash injury, a concussion or any other neurological defect that can affect saccadic eye movements. It is basically a test for attention for people that have lost the ability of concentrating while doing tasks that require focusing and accuracy on saccadic movements. Reading is such a task. Scoring for the K-D test takes into account the reading speed (time that takes to complete the task) and the number of errors (false positives) the patient does while reading specific numbers in a specific layout on a sheet of paper. Its sensitivity enables the diagnosis of mild concussion cases without symptoms, something that is called \u201ca silent concussion\u201d and this is an additional reason that enhances its clinical importance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:shortcode --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:shortcode --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e3ee2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6e3ee2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"489\" height=\"398\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/admin-ajax.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-15462\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/admin-ajax.webp 489w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/admin-ajax-300x244.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 489px) 100vw, 489px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1030bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1030bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fab2156 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fab2156\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><p>Another test, also used as a screening tool for concussion in a similar \u201cexamination philosophy\u201d, is the\u00a0<strong>MULES test (Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>System)<\/strong>\u00a0consisting in naming pictures depicting fruits, vegetables, animals and other objects as fast as someone can do. Color processing and object identification is an additional variable for this test.\u00a0<\/p><h4>The Critical Flicker Frequency (CFF) Testing<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00f74ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"00f74ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><p>A test which requires special equipment device. A flickering light is presented to the patient in varying frequencies (Hz) and the patient is asked to report when the flickering stops. People with hypersensitivity to light (as in PTVS) perform in higher thresholds than average. The use of digital devices (computer screens, smart phones, etc.) may cause a discomfort to these individuals.<\/p><h4>Padula&#8217;s midline shift test\u00a0<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf1f822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf1f822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><p>In more severe cases of a concussion or a brain damage due to a neurological event like a cerebrovascular accident or a cerebral palsy leading to hemiplegia, a shift in the perception of the position of the body\u2019s midline can happen. It can concern both the horizontal and the vertical axis (x-y) or a combination of them. Postural changes can occur in these patients, tilting their body, by weight bearing, to one or the other direction. Walking problems can arise in such patients in terms of spatial perception (a tilted floor for example) making them insecure.<\/p><p>The test is very simple, it consists of the movement of an object, like a wand or a ball, crossing the midline of the patient\u2019s body in varying axes (like the motility test) and ask the patient to report when the object\u2019s position coincides with their midline, with the nose as a reference point. A shift towards one direction can be interpreted as a defective opposite side.<\/p><p>The use of Yoked prisms (bases at the same direction) and binasal occlusion have been proved to be a solution for many of these cases combined with other types of therapy for such problems.<\/p><p>Activation of the Vestibulo-ocular reflex (<strong>VOR<\/strong>) by voluntary turning of the patient\u2019s head horizontally from side to side in a certain pace and amplitude of movement [in degrees(\u00b7)] while trying to keep the gaze in a central target can cause headaches and dizziness in patients with PTVS after 5-10\u2032 of the cessation of the testing.\u00a0<\/p><h4>Pupil Reflexes and RAPD<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f84fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97f84fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><p>Anisocoria, impairment in normal pupillary function (miosis or mydriasis) and a RAPD can be a sign for a neurological defect in the midbrain, visual pathways, optic nerve or a sign following a neurological imbalance after a TBI. It should always be performed thoroughly by the optometrist and combined with other clinical findings or data provided by ocular history for a more extended clinical picture of the patient.<\/p><p>Ocular motility (EOM) and all standard tests for the evaluation of saccades and smooth pursuit (tracking) movements should always be performed thoroughly (DEM).<\/p><h4>Confrontation Visual Field test performed for both eyes<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4afc58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4afc58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><p>Visual field defects and constrictions can occur in individuals suffering from PTVS and this can alter the total visual performance and function of the patients in many aspects of their everyday life. Blind spots (scotomas) throughout the visual field can be reported by such patients. Static perimetry (Goldmann), Short Wave Automated Perimetry (<strong>SWAP<\/strong>) and Frequency Doubling Technology (<strong>FDT<\/strong>) are the most appropriate tools for a precise and complete visual field screening but the confrontation VF test can give useful information in less time if such clinical equipment is not available.<\/p><p>Full examination of binocular vision: Accommodation, convergence, positive and negative relative convergence and accommodation, MAF\/BAF and vergence facility with lenses and prism flippers, fusion and stereopsis.<\/p><h4>Role of vision therapy in rehabilitation of visual function\u00a0<\/h4><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-100d765 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"100d765\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><p>The objectives of vision therapy in patients with PTVS are the alleviation of symptoms eventually aiming at the improvement of the patient\u2019s every day activities and its quality of life. Active Vision Therapy has been proved to be effective in the management of vision disorders following a concussion. There are plenty of research papers and bibliography supporting the efficacy of vision therapy on partial or full recovery of vision after a concussion leading to PTVS both for children and adult patients.<\/p><p>For all patients with vision disorders associated with PTVS, an appropriate vision therapy program should be scheduled aiming at the rehabilitation of the impaired visual functions. The usual methods of vision training can be applied. Special care should be taken in the correction of oculomotor dysfunctions and all the necessary exercises aiming at reconstructing the spatial mapping and rebuilt the balance in the sensory-motor feedback mechanism.<\/p><p>Usual tools (among many others) used for Active Vision Therapy can be:\u00a0<strong>Brock string, Marsden ball, Hart charts, Vectograms, Tranaglyphs, Stereograms, (with Red\/Green and Polarized Glasses), Prism and Lens Flippers, Mazes, Computer Orthoptics.<\/strong><\/p><p>Other treatment options include the use of\u00a0<strong>colored filters<\/strong>\u00a0for light sensitivity and\u00a0<strong>syntonic phototherapy<\/strong>\u00a0is also recommended for some cases of PTVS.<\/p><p>Finally, the effectiveness of \u201cfunctional\u201d optical corrections, in terms of a more behavioural approach, using lenses and prisms (as mentioned above) should always be considered to be a good starting point for helping people suffering from PTVS.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25879e4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"25879e4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-toggle{text-align:start}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin:0;padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;cursor:pointer;outline:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon{display:inline-block;width:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon svg{margin-inline-start:-5px;width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-right{float:right;text-align:right}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-left{float:left;text-align:left}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active{border-bottom:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;display:none}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{padding:12px}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:12px 10px}}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-toggle,.e-con>.elementor-widget-toggle{width:var(--container-widget-width);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-6291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">References<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-6291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-6291\"><p>Akhand, O., Balcer L. J., Galetta S. L., (2019). Assessment of vision in concussion.\u00a0<em>Current Opinion in Neurology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>32<\/em>(1), 68-74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000654<\/p><p>Collier S. (2011).\u00a0<em>In Syntony<\/em>. Norderstedt: Books on Demand.<\/p><p>Curtis B., (2017), Optometric Intervention in Ocular, Vestibular and Cervical Subtypes of Concussion and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury., Vision Development and Rehabilitation,\u00a0<em>3<\/em>(3), 159-166.<\/p><p>Curtis S. J., (2019), Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation Using a Multisensory-Based Bottom-Up to Top Down Paradigm for Post-Concussion Syndrome \u2013 A Retrospective Case Series Study.\u00a0<em>Vision Development and Rehabilitation<\/em>,\u00a0<em>5<\/em>(4), 235-248.<\/p><p>Gottlieb L. R., Wallace B. L., (2010), Syntonic Phototherapy.\u00a0<em>Photomedicine and Laser Surgery<\/em>,\u00a0<em>28<\/em>(4), 449-452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/pho.2010.9933<\/p><p>Maruta, J., Jaw E., Modera P., Rajashekar U., Spielman A., Ghajar J., (2017), Frequency Responses to Visual Tracking Stimuli May Be Affected by Concussion.\u00a0<em>Military Medicine<\/em>,\u00a0<em>182<\/em>(1), 120-123. from https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article\/182\/suppl_1\/120\/4209380<\/p><p>Padula V. W., Stephanie A. (1996), Post Trauma Vision Syndrome and Visual Midline Shift Syndrome.\u00a0<em>NeuroRehabilitation<\/em>,\u00a0<em>6<\/em>, 165-171.<\/p><p>Suter S.P., Harvey H. L. (2011). Vision Rehabilitation, Multidisciplinary Care of the Patient Following Brain Injury. Boca Raton: CRC Press<\/p><p>Ventura, R. E., Jancuska, J.M., Balcer L.J., Galetta S. L., (2015) Diagnostic Tests for Concussion. Is vision part of the puzzle?\u00a0<em>Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>35<\/em>(1), 73-81.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c2f83ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c2f83ed\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a69707b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4a69707b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column 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.elementor-widget-empty-icon,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;padding:0;width:22px;height:22px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ca26e0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-text\" data-id=\"1ca26e0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-text.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Check our educational programmes:<\/h5>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbda2e4 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cbda2e4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7af94138 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"7af94138\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-content{width:100%}@media (min-width:768px){.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper,.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{display:flex}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:end;flex-direction:row-reverse}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:start;flex-direction:row}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-top .elementor-image-box-img{margin:auto}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-top .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-start}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-middle .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-bottom .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-end}}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-bottom:15px}}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-title a{color:inherit}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-description{margin:0}<\/style><div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/audiology\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14634\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/audiology\/\">Audiology<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3009ba29 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"3009ba29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14637\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, 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src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14636\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">Neuroscience<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6364c2cf elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"6364c2cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/speech-and-language-therapy-programmes\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14635\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/speech-and-language-therapy-programmes\/\">Speech-Language Pathology<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d4536d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-text\" data-id=\"5d4536d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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                               \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 17 March 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">Speech-in-Noise Testing in Arabic: A Literature Review and Clinical Implications for Lebanese Arabic<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 5 March 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">Tinnitus Management and Rehabilitation: The Efficiency of Tinnitus Masker and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Patients with Normal Hearing and Mild to Moderate Hearing Loss<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 17 February 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">Comparative Sound-Processing Strategies in Cochlear Implants: Cochlear (ACE), MED-EL (FS4), and Advanced Bionics (HiRes\/Optima)<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_collaborations \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"685\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-300x171.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-1024x585.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-768x438.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 11 February 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">SAERA Contributes Standardised Assessment Tools to RICPP Testing Laboratory<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t                 \r\n                         \r\n                <\/div>   \r\n                               \r\n            \t    \r\n                              \r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t   \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ioannis Dadamogias, student of SAERA, discusses in this article the efficacy of vision therapy on partial or full recovery of vision after a concussion leading to PTVS.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15454,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[91,176,93],"tags":[97,102],"class_list":["post-15453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-blog","category-optometry","tag-optometry","tag-vision-therapy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Optometric Evaluation and Vision Therapy in PTVS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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Explore key findings and treatments.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2020\/04\/28\/optometric-evaluation-of-visual-performance-in-ptvs-and-vision-therapy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Optometric Evaluation and Vision Therapy in PTVS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover the role of optometric evaluation in assessing visual performance in PTVS and how vision therapy improves outcomes. 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