{"id":15197,"date":"2021-01-19T09:11:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-19T09:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/?p=15197"},"modified":"2025-03-03T14:18:06","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T14:18:06","slug":"using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/","title":{"rendered":"Using fMRI Techniques for Assessing Sub-types of Depressionlknm"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"15197\" class=\"elementor elementor-15197\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2500e8e1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2500e8e1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-296277bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"296277bb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8879f8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8879f8d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-178bfef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"178bfef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"page-title\"><span style=\"color: #000666;\">Childhood Epilepsy and Learning<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b0620a7 elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"5b0620a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/css\/widget-icon-list.min.css\"><link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/pro-elements\/assets\/css\/widget-theme-elements.min.css?ver=1747297119\">\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0d080fc elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-calendar\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M12 192h424c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v260c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V204c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12zm436-44v-36c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48h-48V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H160V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v36c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h424c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>19\/01\/2021<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-e2c89b4 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"about\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-tags\" viewBox=\"0 0 640 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M497.941 225.941L286.059 14.059A48 48 0 0 0 252.118 0H48C21.49 0 0 21.49 0 48v204.118a48 48 0 0 0 14.059 33.941l211.882 211.882c18.744 18.745 49.136 18.746 67.882 0l204.118-204.118c18.745-18.745 18.745-49.137 0-67.882zM112 160c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48s21.49-48 48-48 48 21.49 48 48-21.49 48-48 48zm513.941 133.823L421.823 497.941c-18.745 18.745-49.137 18.745-67.882 0l-.36-.36L527.64 323.522c16.999-16.999 26.36-39.6 26.36-63.64s-9.362-46.641-26.36-63.64L331.397 0h48.721a48 48 0 0 1 33.941 14.059l211.882 211.882c18.745 18.745 18.745 49.137 0 67.882z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-terms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/fmri\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">fMRI<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/neuroscience\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Neuroscience<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3950862a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3950862a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"right\"} --><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">By\u00a0<strong>Paola Tine<\/strong>, Master in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">Applied Neuroscience<\/a> student.<\/p>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47270655 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47270655\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<h3>A Burden of Disease<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2db00113 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2db00113\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>As one of the most common mental issues in Europe, China, and the United States (Zhuo et al., 2019), depression is one of the world\u2019s greatest burdens of disease and a primary cause of death by suicide, affecting more than 264 million people around the globe (WHO 2020). While many studies have been conducted in recent years trying to analyse its biological basis, there is no consensus on its origin. This is unsurprising due to the high variability of the illness in both perceived symptoms and biological causes, such as cortisol alterations, increased cortical thickness, altered brain connectivity, elevated amygdala activity and hippocampus variations (Harvard Health Publishing, 2020), and due to the absence of an objective test that can assess the illness. In fact, patients self-reporting symptoms is still the main source of data for practitioners to assess the presence of the illness in order to address and treat it. Currently, when an individual shows five of the nine symptoms reported in the Diagnostic &amp; Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) they can be diagnosed with depression (APA, 2020). Unfortunately, the uncertainty in this method of assessment often leads to incorrect diagnoses and treatments. Several studies have shown that there is very high variability in patients\u2019 responses to treatments, with some preferring medications rather than psychotherapy and vice versa (Corey-Lisle et al., 2004). It is therefore imperative that additional studies be conducted to further understand both the neurological basis of depression and provide more specific diagnosis methods and treatments addressing more detailed conditions of the patients. These <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">neurological studies<\/a> should be conducted in strict collaboration with social and psychological studies.<\/p>\n<h3>fMRI to Assess Sub-types of Depression\u00a0<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7162301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7162301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>Experimental research using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">neuroimaging techniques<\/a> with the goal of expanding the knowledge of neurological factors related to depression have consistently increased in recent years (Scott et al., 1983). One of the primary research goals in investigating depression has been the identification of potentially different sub-types of the condition through the exploration of brain connectivity (Gong &amp; He, 2015). The main brain imaging techniques used in this scope are electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). These diverse techniques produce a varied range of results, in accordance with their technical potential. For example, fMRI techniques have been proven to be effective in exploring brain connectivity between the forebrain and the striatum, which is of fundamental importance in understanding the brain\u2019s response to the messages coming from the amygdala. Hyper-connectivity between these areas has been found to be at the base of many depressive symptoms, including chronic anhedonia (Gorwood, 2008).<\/p>\n<p>fMRI studies are useful in determining which areas of the brain function in specific contexts. For example, researchers have determined which areas of the brain are implicated in self-relation including the anterior cingulate cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, the dorsomedial thalamus and the precuneus (Greicius et al., 2003, Raichle et al., 2001). This kind of information can be useful in better understanding how depression changes brain function. However, caution should always be used when drawing conclusions as areas of the brain are rarely activated solely for one purpose. In one review of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">neuroimaging<\/a> correlates of depression using PET, MRI, MRS and fMRI, it appeared that depression could affect the default-mode network, the affective network, the cognitive control network, and the amygdala, and that all of these areas also respond to medication and antidepressants (Castanheira et al., 2019). Furthermore, while the structural differences in the brain were varied amongst test subjects, there did appear to be changes in grey matter volume in cortical and subcortical regions that may be linked to depressive states.<\/p>\n<p>One of the main studies trying to determine the presence of depression sub-types, published in\u00a0<em>Nature Medicine\u00a0<\/em>claims that there could be four types of depression, and that \u2018distinct patterns of abnormal functional connectivity differentiated the four biotypes\u00a0and were associated with specific clinical-symptom profiles\u2019 (Drysdale et al., 2016). For instance, depressed people belonging to the biotypes 1 and 4 (whose primary feature is increased anxiety) when compared to control, presented reduced connectivity in the networks of the fronto-amygdala area, an important area of the brain for regulating fear and negative emotions. Differently, in biotypes 3 and 4 (whose primary features are increased anhedonia and psychomotor retardation) they found increased connectivity in the networks of the thalamic and fronto-striatal areas that regulate motor initiation and control. Finally, biotypes 1 and 2 (whose common features are anergia and fatigue) presented lowered connectivity in the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal areas, which are the areas supporting motivation. In a similar vein, studies have been investigating potential lateralisation of depression. For example, a resting-state fMRI study from 2018, found that the neural basis of depression might be related to a dominant right hemisphere (Li, Xu and Lu, 2018). However, while research directed towards the identification of neurobiological markers of depression continues to progress fast, it should be noted that many of the studies considered had small sample numbers making it difficult to draw significant conclusions.<\/p>\n<h3>Potential Pitfalls<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-585760e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"585760e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>While there are currently a wide range of methods and techniques used to research depression, including the examination of treatment responses and how symptoms are self-reported, there is still a great deal of uncertainty over what the causes of depression could be. Here the problem of reconciliating an understanding of brain and mind is presenting itself in all its glory. Most of the issues come from the fact that there does not appear to be a neurobiological pattern to depression, which makes many scientists sceptical about translating <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">neuroscientific knowledge<\/a> in clinical settings. In fact, as noted by the same scientists that defined the four sub-types of depression, \u2018biomarkers have transformed modern medicine but remain largely elusive in psychiatry, partly because there is a weak correspondence between diagnostic labels and their neurobiological substrates\u2019 (Drysdale et al., 2016). As this study concludes, depression is indeed a multiform syndrome, whose aetiology and symptoms should be addressed as pieces of a complex puzzle. As such, there are various \u2018faces\u2019 of depression, and depressed people might present completely different symptomatology on a psychological level, even if some connectivity issues might be shared.<\/p>\n<p>The problematic nature of translating neurological findings into psychological concepts lies in the methodology of psychological and behavioral inference. Specifically, the reverse inference fallacy, which aims at discovering the connections between cognitive events and some specific <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">neurobiological structures<\/a> and disorders is an important limit to the clinical translation of neurological findings (Zhuo et al., 2019). This is due to the multifaceted nature of brain functions, which makes the aetiology of observed biological phenomenon difficult to entangle, and as such makes the connection between biomarkers and psychiatric disorders very problematic.<\/p>\n<h3>Conclusion: Towards New Directions of Reserch<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f9b2136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f9b2136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>The efficacy of using fMRI techniques for investigating brain connectivity and identifying subtypes of depression can help to improve diagnosis and treatment. Thanks to neuroimaging techniques, recent studies have been able to detect biological problems at the brain level, notably improving our knowledge of \u2018depressed brains\u2019. However, neuroimaging in the study of depression presents several potential pitfalls too. The fallacy of reverse inference commonly misrepresents psychological phenomena and the lack of interdisciplinary research further muddies the waters. Observations made using fMRI technique may be incredibly useful; however, they do not exist in isolation and a further range of factors and contexts should also be considered when researching the phenomenon. Additionally, these studies often lead to a variety of outcomes and theories, some of which are incompatible with each other. For example, according to Leanne Williams, a Stanford clinical <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">neuroscientist<\/a>, there are six subtypes, not the usually accepted four, and she also suggests that the real issue is looking at \u2018where the crisis is\u2019, in order to be able to prevent depression rather than simply treat it (cited in Underwood, 2019). In this sense, social scientists, psychologists and medical anthropologists are increasingly exploring depression as a \u2018social disease\u2019, trying to tackle the socio-cultural roots and causes of the illness (Bader, 2018). Nevertheless, while there has been an increase in recent years of interdisciplinary studies researching the causes rather than the social reception of depression, with a large focus on adolescent mental health (Patalay and Gage, 2019), these studies are still in their preliminary stages. Future studies could be strengthened by collaboration between disciplines, directed more specifically to the factors causing the insurgence of this widespread problem at its roots.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:shortcode --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:shortcode --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76b803b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"76b803b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-toggle{text-align:start}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin:0;padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;cursor:pointer;outline:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon{display:inline-block;width:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon svg{margin-inline-start:-5px;width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-right{float:right;text-align:right}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-left{float:left;text-align:left}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active{border-bottom:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;display:none}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{padding:12px}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:12px 10px}}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-toggle,.e-con>.elementor-widget-toggle{width:var(--container-widget-width);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1991\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1991\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">References<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1991\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1991\"><p>American Psychiatric Association, 1 October 2018, viewed 19 September 2020,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm\/updates-to-dsm\">&lt;psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm\/updates-to-dsm-5\/coding-updates\\<\/a>&gt;<\/p>\n<p>Bader, M 2020, \u2018Depression as a Social Disease. A consideration of Johann Hari\u2019s book \u201cLost Connections\u2019,<em>\u00a0Psychology Today,\u00a0<\/em>28 February 2020, viewed 19 September 2020, &lt;psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/what-is-he-thinking\/201802\/depression-social-disease&gt;<\/p>\n<p>Castanheira, L et al.\u00a0 2019,<em>\u00a0\u2018<\/em>Neuroimaging Correlates of Depression\u2014Implications to Clinical Practice\u2019,\u00a0<em>Frontiers in Psychiatry<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Coffey, C. E. et al. 1993, \u2018Quantitative Cerebral Anatomy in Depression. A Controlled Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study\u2019,\u00a0<em>Archives of General Psychiatry<\/em>, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 7-6.<\/p>\n<p>Corey-Lisle, PK, Nash, R, Stang, P, &amp; Swindle, R 2004, \u2018Response, Partial Response, and Nonresponse in Primary Care Treatment of Depression.\u2019, The\u00a0<em>Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.\u00a0<\/em>164, no. 11, pp. 1197\u20131204.<\/p>\n<p>Drysdal, \u00a0AT et al 2017, \u2018Resting-state connectivity biomarkers define neurophysiological subtypes of depression\u2019,\u00a0<em>Nature Medicine<\/em>, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 28-38<\/p>\n<p>Dunlop, BW &amp; Mayberg, HS 2017, \u2018Neuroimaging Advances for Depression\u2019,\u00a0<em>Cerebrum<\/em>, cer-16-17<\/p>\n<p>Gong, Q &amp; He, Y 2015, \u2018Depression, neuroimaging and connectomics: a selective overview\u2019,\u00a0<em>Biological psychiatry<\/em>,\u00a0vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 223\u2013235.<\/p>\n<p>Gorwood, P 2008, \u2018Neurobiological mechanisms of anhedonia\u2019,\u00a0<em>Dialogues in clinical neuroscience<\/em>,\u00a0vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 291\u2013299.<\/p>\n<p>Greicius, MD et al. 2003, \u2018Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis\u2019,\u00a0<em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America<\/em>, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 253\u20138.<\/p>\n<p>Harvard Health Publishing, \u2018What causes depression? Onset of depression more complex than a brain chemical imbalance<em>\u2019,\u00a0<\/em>24 June 2019, viewed 15 September 2020, &lt;health.harvard.edu\/mind-and-mood\/what-causes-depression&gt;<\/p>\n<p>Kerestes, R et al. 2014, \u2018Functional brain imaging studies of youth depression: A systematic review\u2019,\u00a0<em>NeuroImage Clinical<\/em>, vol. 4, pp. 209-231.<\/p>\n<p>Li, M,\u00a0Xu, H\u00a0&amp; Lu, S, 2018, \u2018Neural Basis of Depression Related to a Dominant Right Hemisphere: A Resting-State fMRI Study\u2019<em>, Behavioural Neurology<\/em>, vol.\u00a02018.<\/p>\n<p>Patalay, P &amp; Gage, SH 2019, \u2018Changes in millennial adolescent mental health and health-related behaviours over 10 years: a population cohort comparison study\u2019,\u00a0<em>International Journal of Epidemiology<\/em>, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1650\u20131664.<\/p>\n<p>Raichle, ME et al. 2001, \u2018A default mode of brain function\u2019,\u00a0<em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America<\/em>, vol. 98, pp. 676\u201382.<\/p>\n<p>Scott, ML., Golden, CJ, Ruedrich, SL &amp; Bishop, RJ 1983, \u2018Ventricular enlargement in major depression\u2019,\u00a0<em>Psychiatry Reserarch, vol.<\/em>\u00a08, no. 91\u201393.<\/p>\n<p>Underwood, E 2019, Brain scans could help personalize treatment for people who are depressed or suicidal, Science, 20 August 2019, viewed 19 September 2020, &lt;sciencemag.org\/news\/2019\/08\/brain-scans-could-help-personalize-treatment-people-who-are-depressed-or-suicidal&gt;<\/p>\n<p>WHO 2020, \u2018Depression\u2019, viewed 20 September 2020, &lt;www.who.int\/health-topics\/depression#tab=tab_1&gt;<\/p>\n<p>Zhuo, C, Li, G, Lin, X et al. 2019,\u00a0\u2018The rise and fall of MRI studies in major depressive disorder\u2019,\u00a0<em>Translational Psychiatry<\/em>\u00a0vol. 9, no.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>335.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ce29ca5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5ce29ca5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62cdf90a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"62cdf90a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container{height:100%;width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty{position:relative;min-height:22px;min-width:22px}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;padding:0;width:22px;height:22px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616e6a2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-text\" data-id=\"616e6a2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-text.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Check our educational programmes:<\/h5>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-788014ba e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"788014ba\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19c60417 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"19c60417\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-content{width:100%}@media (min-width:768px){.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper,.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{display:flex}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:end;flex-direction:row-reverse}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:start;flex-direction:row}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-top .elementor-image-box-img{margin:auto}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-top .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-start}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-middle .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-bottom .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-end}}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-bottom:15px}}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-title a{color:inherit}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-description{margin:0}<\/style><div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/audiology\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14634\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/audiology\/\">Audiology<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5981f6f4 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"5981f6f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14637\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\">Optometry<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de2707c elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"6de2707c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14636\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">Neuroscience<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b72858 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"48b72858\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/speech-and-language-therapy-programmes\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14635\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/speech-and-language-therapy-programmes\/\">Speech-Language Pathology<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70b465ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-text\" data-id=\"70b465ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-text.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Search:<\/h5>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a46bef6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-search\" data-id=\"7a46bef6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-search.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<form role=\"search\" class=\"bs-search search-form\" method=\"get\" action=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/\">\n    <div class=\"search-wrap\">\n    \t<label class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n    \t\tSearch for:    \t<\/label>\n        <input type=\"search\" placeholder=\"Searching...\" name=\"s\" class=\"search-input\" value=\"\" \/>\n        <button type=\"submit\"  value=\"Search\"><i class=\"flaticon-search\"><\/i><\/button>\n    <\/div>\n<\/form>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13e8973f elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-text\" data-id=\"13e8973f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-text.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Latest Posts<\/h5>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-265f4dcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-rsblog\" data-id=\"265f4dcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"rsblog.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t         \r\n\t\t<div class=\"rs-blog-grid rs-blog-grid2\">            \r\n\t\t\t\r\n            <div class=\"row blog-gird-item\">\r\n                \r\n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 17 March 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">Speech-in-Noise Testing in Arabic: A Literature Review and Clinical Implications for Lebanese Arabic<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 5 March 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">Tinnitus Management and Rehabilitation: The Efficiency of Tinnitus Masker and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Patients with Normal Hearing and Mild to Moderate Hearing Loss<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 17 February 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">Comparative Sound-Processing Strategies in Cochlear Implants: Cochlear (ACE), MED-EL (FS4), and Advanced Bionics (HiRes\/Optima)<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_collaborations \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"685\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-300x171.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-1024x585.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-768x438.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 11 February 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">SAERA Contributes Standardised Assessment Tools to RICPP Testing Laboratory<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t                 \r\n                         \r\n                <\/div>   \r\n                               \r\n            \t    \r\n                              \r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t   \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Paola Tine analyses the rol of neuroimaging in the study of depression.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15201,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[91,176,92],"tags":[131,104],"class_list":["post-15197","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-blog","category-neuroscience","tag-fmri","tag-neuroscience"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Using fMRI to Assess Subtypes of Depression | SAERA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how fMRI techniques are used to assess different subtypes of depression. Learn about the role of brain imaging in diagnosing and treating mental health.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Using fMRI to Assess Subtypes of Depression | SAERA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover how fMRI techniques are used to assess different subtypes of depression. Learn about the role of brain imaging in diagnosing and treating mental health.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Saera EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-01-19T09:11:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-03-03T14:18:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/admin-ajax-28.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"441\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"saeraadmin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"saeraadmin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/\",\"name\":\"Using fMRI to Assess Subtypes of Depression | SAERA\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/admin-ajax-28.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-19T09:11:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-03-03T14:18:06+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/a3f658cb3375ae001b6cc35150e9bc9d\"},\"description\":\"Discover how fMRI techniques are used to assess different subtypes of depression. Learn about the role of brain imaging in diagnosing and treating mental health.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/admin-ajax-28.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/admin-ajax-28.jpg\",\"width\":600,\"height\":441},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Using fMRI Techniques for Assessing Sub-types of Depressionlknm\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/\",\"name\":\"Saera EN\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/a3f658cb3375ae001b6cc35150e9bc9d\",\"name\":\"saeraadmin\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/author\/saeraadmin\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Using fMRI to Assess Subtypes of Depression | SAERA","description":"Discover how fMRI techniques are used to assess different subtypes of depression. Learn about the role of brain imaging in diagnosing and treating mental health.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Using fMRI to Assess Subtypes of Depression | SAERA","og_description":"Discover how fMRI techniques are used to assess different subtypes of depression. Learn about the role of brain imaging in diagnosing and treating mental health.","og_url":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/","og_site_name":"Saera EN","article_published_time":"2021-01-19T09:11:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-03-03T14:18:06+00:00","og_image":[{"width":600,"height":441,"url":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/admin-ajax-28.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"saeraadmin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"saeraadmin","Estimated reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/","url":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/","name":"Using fMRI to Assess Subtypes of Depression | SAERA","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/admin-ajax-28.jpg","datePublished":"2021-01-19T09:11:00+00:00","dateModified":"2025-03-03T14:18:06+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/a3f658cb3375ae001b6cc35150e9bc9d"},"description":"Discover how fMRI techniques are used to assess different subtypes of depression. Learn about the role of brain imaging in diagnosing and treating mental health.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/admin-ajax-28.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/admin-ajax-28.jpg","width":600,"height":441},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/01\/19\/using-fmri-techniques-for-assessing-sub-types-of-depressionlknm\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Using fMRI Techniques for Assessing Sub-types of Depressionlknm"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/","name":"Saera EN","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/a3f658cb3375ae001b6cc35150e9bc9d","name":"saeraadmin","sameAs":["https:\/\/saera.eu\/en"],"url":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/author\/saeraadmin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15197","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15197"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15197\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17769,"href":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15197\/revisions\/17769"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15201"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15197"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15197"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15197"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}