{"id":15069,"date":"2021-06-03T14:15:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-03T13:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/?p=15069"},"modified":"2025-03-03T14:18:06","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T14:18:06","slug":"aphantasia-a-different-way-of-dreaming-reality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2021\/06\/03\/aphantasia-a-different-way-of-dreaming-reality\/","title":{"rendered":"Aphantasia: A Different Way Of Dreaming Reality"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"15069\" class=\"elementor elementor-15069\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49f22829 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"49f22829\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba48580 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ba48580\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-688f9ec6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"688f9ec6\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d1ba587 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d1ba587\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"page-title\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Aphantasia is a medical condition in which a person is not able to form an image in their mind of thing or people that are actually present.<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fd89f5f elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"5fd89f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/css\/widget-icon-list.min.css\"><link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/pro-elements\/assets\/css\/widget-theme-elements.min.css?ver=1747297119\">\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0d080fc elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-calendar\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M12 192h424c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v260c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V204c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12zm436-44v-36c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48h-48V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H160V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v36c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h424c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>03\/06\/2021<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-e2c89b4 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"about\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-tags\" viewBox=\"0 0 640 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M497.941 225.941L286.059 14.059A48 48 0 0 0 252.118 0H48C21.49 0 0 21.49 0 48v204.118a48 48 0 0 0 14.059 33.941l211.882 211.882c18.744 18.745 49.136 18.746 67.882 0l204.118-204.118c18.745-18.745 18.745-49.137 0-67.882zM112 160c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48s21.49-48 48-48 48 21.49 48 48-21.49 48-48 48zm513.941 133.823L421.823 497.941c-18.745 18.745-49.137 18.745-67.882 0l-.36-.36L527.64 323.522c16.999-16.999 26.36-39.6 26.36-63.64s-9.362-46.641-26.36-63.64L331.397 0h48.721a48 48 0 0 1 33.941 14.059l211.882 211.882c18.745 18.745 18.745 49.137 0 67.882z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-terms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/aphantasia\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Aphantasia<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/neuroscience\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Neuroscience<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf5133b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7cf5133b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"right\"} --><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">By <strong>Gabriel Florin Cascaval<\/strong> MD and Master in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">Applied Neuroscience<\/a> student<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">Neuropsychology<\/a>, as a scientific field, explores the relationship between brain and behavior. How different medical conditions create behavioral patterns and why such patterns have an impact on disease\u2019s outcome is a question that everyone is attempted to address to the science. Exploring amazing theories about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">neurological disorders<\/a> and putting in practice challenging models is the vocation of this scientific medical specialisation.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps, one of the most intriguing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">neuropsychological conditions<\/a>, is Aphantasia. What a funny name for a disorder which undermines one of the dearest aspiration of humankind: dreaming!\u00a0<em>Non omnis moriar\u00a0<\/em>(<em>I shall not wholly die<\/em>) of Horatius expresses the desire of humans to continue, somehow, to dream and to live in the future through the memory of their successors. In order to accomplish the task a human has to be able to understand the past, to seize the present time and to foresee by visualising things, people or events and thus, building up projections and create imagination. Phantasia\u2019s disorders may impair humans\u2019 capacity to access an important register of creativity, memory and emotional vocabulary.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><em>A-phantasia<\/em>, as the Greek root indicate, is a lack of phantasy, of imagination. The concept was long time debated by philosophers (Seneca, Aristotle, etc.) and in the \u2018modern sciences\u2019 it was highlighted first, more than 100 years ago, as physicians such Charcot or Galton talked about clinical cases with suppression of one\u2019s mental visual abilities.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Definitions vary, but according to the Cambridge dictionary, aphantasia is a \u201cmedical condition in which a person is not able to form an image in their mind of thing or people that are actually present\u201d. Some scientists describe aphantasia being \u201cthe experience of people who lack a mind\u2019s eye\u201d (Zeman et al., 2016), condition which has a negative impact on visual imagination, episodic memory or \u201cmental time travel\u201d (Watkins, 2018) or even a medical context involving a \u201clack of sensory and phenomenal imagery and not a lack of metacognition\u201d (Keogh &amp; Pearson, 2018). Lately, the interest in understanding this condition is high, especially in the light of a quite important prevalence, between 0.7%-2.1% of the general population (Faw, 2009).<\/p>\n<p>As different definitions suggest, the symptoms of aphatasia consist essentially in inability to visualise and experience mental images. When they are asked about the visual\u2019s features of objects, about familiar faces or details representing a scene or an event, patients would rather describe the person, the object, or the concept related to. They may experience prosopagnosia, difficulties in recognising faces and have a bad sense of direction and poor autobiographical memory. This attitude is quite disturbing because they cannot recall the visual souvenirs from their early life or even memories of ones passed away. Lack of visual imagery is a congenital or acquired condition (e.g. after cerebral injuries or surgery) and it is noticed in the early 20s.<\/p>\n<p>As far as the psychometric assessment is concerned, the mental imagery is tested by the Vividness of Visual Imagery Quizz (VVIQ) proposed since 1973 by David Marks, a British psychologist. The patient has to activate imagination when faces four scenarios. The vividness of the imagery production is ranked on a scale from one to five. By bridging evidence from the \u201cclinical symptoms\u201d, VVIQ helps in measuring aspects of daily life of aphants.<\/p>\n<p>Understanding the relationship between perception and visual imagery seems critical in the way one\u2019s looking at the neural mechanisms involved in aphantasia. Different cerebral structures and units are involved in both decoding and encoding perception and visual stimuli in order to create imagination. Studies exploring the frontal cortex, ventral visual stream, frontoparietal area (Winlove et al., 2018), intraparietal sulcus and cerebral\u2019s temporal structures show that there is an overlapping between perceived and imaged imagery (Dijkstra, 2017, 2019). Furthermore, the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire\u2019s results corroborated to fMRI techniques stressed on the activation of super occipital gyrus, fusiform gyrus (Spanga et al., 2021), parahippocampal gyri, precuneus and posterior cingulate display an \u201cexclusively positive correlation\u201d with visual stimuli vividness exposure (Fulford et al., 2018). These findings correlate with clinical symptoms.<\/p>\n<p>As far as the differential diagnosis is concerned, some associations were made with other medical conditions involving poor autobiographical memory, short term recall and face recognition (Zeman et al., 2020), such as autism and grapheme-colour synesthesia (Dance et al., 2021). Thus, Dance et al. suggest that people experiencing poor or lack of visual imagery can have synaesthesia (aphantasia influencing especially the way synaesthesia is experienced) and \u201cweak imagination symptomatology associated with autism may also be characteristic of aphantasia\u201d. As the patient is unable to verbalise visual experiences, agnosia-visual type troubles could be brought in the discussion but recognising and naming objects helps in ruling out diagnosis\u2019 process. Still the short-working memory in lack of phantasia is frequent. Beyond the debate between organic or functional aphantasia\u2019s aetiology, one cannot avoid to imagine associations with psychiatric conditions such as depression, or anxiety (Charcot, 1883; Cotard, 1884). The discussion is open and more evidence should be guiding the conclusions.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, other scientists indicate that aphantasia is rather a different human experience than a feature of a pathological condition (Jacobs et al., 2018; Bainbridge et al., 2021) and its discover is mostly fortunately. The way those affected by this condition develop compensation techniques is also amazing. Facing a lack of image vividness and \u2018eye\u2019s mind\u2019, these patients perform better in computing, in handling abstract concepts and they are very good in sciences\u2019 area such as mathematics and physics (Zeman et al., 2020). Like in a puzzle they gather information collected by other senses and reshape memories. Thus, auditory, olfactory and kinaesthetic stimuli play an important role in daily activities of aphants.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Plenty of studies were conducted until now. Especially, after 2015 when Prof. Zeman\u2019s team of University Exeter has developed the Eye\u2019s Mind project; the third strand of the project studies phenomena such as aphantasia or hyperphantasia. There is certainly room for new things to search for. For example the impact of poor individual imaginary register on one\u2019s desires to perform artistic tasks or the importance of fiction in one\u2019s developing cognitive function could be some axes to explore.<\/p>\n<p>Being aware of aphantasia helps in a better diagnostic and in a search for solutions to tackle this condition. Speech or visual therapy may help but evidence is still poor in this direction.<\/p>\n<p>Ultimately, what it is the outmost importance in this story is the fact that people with aphantasia can go further. Despite a poor or a lack of visual experience\u2019s recollection or a bad autobiographic memory, treatment is rarely needed. Non-episodic processes allow learning and memorising, essential cognitive activities. They can imagine and dream their entire life in their own manner: figures, abstractness, shapes and radicals.<\/p>\n<p>Aphantasia is a splendid lesson meant to teach us that visualising is not the same with imagining. An invitation to reflect on the frontiers\u2019 boundaries which lie inside us.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:shortcode --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:shortcode --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43d9d8ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"43d9d8ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-toggle{text-align:start}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin:0;padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;cursor:pointer;outline:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon{display:inline-block;width:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon svg{margin-inline-start:-5px;width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-right{float:right;text-align:right}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-left{float:left;text-align:left}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active{border-bottom:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;display:none}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{padding:12px}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:12px 10px}}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-toggle,.e-con>.elementor-widget-toggle{width:var(--container-widget-width);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">References<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1131\"><p>Bainbridge W.A., Pounder Z., Eardley F.A., Baker C.I. (2021). Quantifying aphantasia through drawing: Those without visual imagery show deficits in object but not spatial memory, in\u00a0<em>Cortex,\u00a0<\/em>135, 159-172. doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.11.014<\/p><p>Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Aphantasia. In\u00a0<em>Cambridge dictionary<\/em>. Retrieved April 9, 2021, from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/aphantasia\">https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/aphantasia<\/a><\/p><p>Charcot, J.M., Bernard, D. (1883). Un cas de suppression brusque et isol\u00e9e de la vision mentale des signes et des objets (forms et couleurs).\u00a0<em>Le Progr\u00e8s M\u00e9dical<\/em>, 11, 568-571\u00a0<\/p><p>Cotard, J. (1884). Perte de la vision mentale dans la m\u00e9lancolie anxieuse.\u00a0<em>Archives de Neurologie<\/em>,\u00a0<em>6<\/em>, 209-295<\/p><p>Dance C.J., Jaquiery M., Eagleman D.M., Porteous D., Zeman A., Simner J. (2021). What is the relationship between Aphantasia, Synaesthesia and Autism?,\u00a0<em>Consciousness and Cognition,<\/em>\u00a0<em>89<\/em>, 103087\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2021.103087\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2021.103087<\/a><\/p><p>Dawes, A.J., Keogh, R., Andrillon, T. et al. (2020). A cognitive profile of multi-sensory imagery, memory and dreaming in aphantasia in\u00a0<em>Sci Rep,<\/em>\u00a010, 10022.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-65705-7\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-65705-7<\/a><\/p><p>Dijkstra N., Bosch, E.S., Van Gerven, M.A.J. (2019). Shared Neural Mechanisms of Visual Perception and Imagery.\u00a0<em>Trends in Cognitive Sciences,<\/em>\u00a0<em>23<\/em>(5), 423-424.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2019.02.004\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2019.02.004<\/a><\/p><p>Faw B. (2009).Conflicting intuitions may be based on different abilities: Evidence from mental imaging research.\u00a0<em>Journal of Consciousness Studies<\/em>,\u00a0<em>16<\/em>(4), 45-68<\/p><p>Fulford J., Milton F., Salas D., Smith A., Simler A., Winlove C., Zeman A. (2018). The neural correlates of visual imagery vividness \u2013 An fMRI study and literature review.\u00a0<em>Cortex,<\/em>\u00a0<em>105<\/em>, 26-40.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.09.014\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.09.014<\/a><\/p><p>Jacobs C., Schwarzkopf D.S., Silvanto J. (2018). Visual working memory performance in aphantasia<em>.<\/em>\u00a0<em>Cortex,<\/em>\u00a0<em>105<\/em>, 61-73,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.10.014\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.10.014<\/a><\/p><p>Keogh R., Pearson J. (2018).\u00a0<em>The blind mind:\u00a0<\/em>No sensory visual imagery in aphantasia.<em>\u00a0Cortex,<\/em>\u00a0<em>105<\/em>, 53-60,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.10.012\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.10.012<\/a><\/p><p>Spagna S., Hajhajate D., Liu J., Bartolomeo P., (2021). Visual mental imagery engages the left fusiform gyrus, but not the early visual cortex: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging evidence.\u00a0<em>Neuroscience &amp; Bio behavioral Reviews, 122,<\/em>\u00a0201-217.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.12.029\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.12.029<\/a><\/p><p>Watkins N.W. (2018). (A)phantasia and severely deficient autobiographical memory: Scientific and personal perspectives.\u00a0<em>Cortex,<\/em>\u00a0<em>108<\/em>, 41-52);\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.10.010\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.10.010<\/a><\/p><p>Winlove C.I.P, Milton F., Ranson J., Fulford J., MacKisack M., Macpherson F., Zeman A. (2018). The neural correlates of visual imagery: A\u00a0co-ordinate-based meta-analysis.\u00a0<em>Cortex,<\/em>\u00a0<em>105<\/em>, 4-25.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.12.014\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.12.014<\/a><\/p><p>Zeman A., Dewar M., Della Sala S. (2016). Reflexions on aphantasia, Discussion forum.\u00a0<em>Cortex,<\/em>\u00a0<em>74<\/em>, 336-337<\/p><p>Zeman A., Milton F., Della Sala S., Dewar M., Frayling T., Gaddum J., Hattersley A., Heuerman-Williamson B., Jones K., MacKisack M., Winlove C. (2020). Phantasia\u2013The psychological significance of lifelong visual imagery vividness extremes.\u00a0<em>Cortex,<\/em>\u00a0<em>130<\/em>, 426-440.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.04.003\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.04.003<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66dd3cdd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"66dd3cdd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11116dd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"11116dd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container{height:100%;width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty{position:relative;min-height:22px;min-width:22px}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;padding:0;width:22px;height:22px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a9e5645 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-text\" data-id=\"2a9e5645\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-text.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Check our educational programmes:<\/h5>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c29dd2 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76c29dd2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-199b0587 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"199b0587\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-content{width:100%}@media (min-width:768px){.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper,.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{display:flex}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:end;flex-direction:row-reverse}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:start;flex-direction:row}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-top .elementor-image-box-img{margin:auto}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-top .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-start}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-middle .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-bottom .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-end}}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-bottom:15px}}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-title a{color:inherit}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-description{margin:0}<\/style><div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/audiology\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14634\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/audiology\/\">Audiology<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f671bbb elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"5f671bbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14637\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\">Optometry<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e357143 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"2e357143\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14636\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">Neuroscience<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10f75509 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"10f75509\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/speech-and-language-therapy-programmes\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14635\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/speech-and-language-therapy-programmes\/\">Speech-Language Pathology<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-426588fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-text\" data-id=\"426588fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-text.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Search:<\/h5>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54dca428 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-search\" data-id=\"54dca428\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-search.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<form role=\"search\" class=\"bs-search search-form\" method=\"get\" action=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/\">\n    <div class=\"search-wrap\">\n    \t<label class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n    \t\tSearch for:    \t<\/label>\n        <input type=\"search\" placeholder=\"Searching...\" name=\"s\" class=\"search-input\" value=\"\" \/>\n        <button type=\"submit\"  value=\"Search\"><i class=\"flaticon-search\"><\/i><\/button>\n    <\/div>\n<\/form>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64e52a8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-text\" data-id=\"64e52a8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-text.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Latest Posts<\/h5>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76e3ad49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-rsblog\" data-id=\"76e3ad49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"rsblog.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t         \r\n\t\t<div class=\"rs-blog-grid rs-blog-grid2\">            \r\n\t\t\t\r\n            <div class=\"row blog-gird-item\">\r\n                \r\n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 17 March 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">Speech-in-Noise Testing in Arabic: A Literature Review and Clinical Implications for Lebanese Arabic<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 5 March 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">Tinnitus Management and Rehabilitation: The Efficiency of Tinnitus Masker and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Patients with Normal Hearing and Mild to Moderate Hearing Loss<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 17 February 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">Comparative Sound-Processing Strategies in Cochlear Implants: Cochlear (ACE), MED-EL (FS4), and Advanced Bionics (HiRes\/Optima)<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                              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srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-300x171.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-1024x585.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-768x438.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 11 February 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">SAERA Contributes Standardised Assessment Tools to RICPP Testing Laboratory<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t                 \r\n                         \r\n                <\/div>   \r\n                               \r\n            \t    \r\n                              \r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t   \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aphantasia is a medical condition in which a person is not able to form an image in their mind of thing or people that are actually present.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15070,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[91,176,92],"tags":[127,104],"class_list":["post-15069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-blog","category-neuroscience","tag-aphantasia","tag-neuroscience"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Aphantasia: A Different Way of Dreaming and Experiencing Reality<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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