{"id":14872,"date":"2022-06-08T08:36:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-08T07:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/?p=14872"},"modified":"2025-03-03T14:04:27","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T14:04:27","slug":"childhood-epilepsy-and-learning","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2022\/06\/08\/childhood-epilepsy-and-learning\/","title":{"rendered":"Childhood Epilepsy and Learning"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"14872\" class=\"elementor elementor-14872\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c3e00a7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5c3e00a7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24215766 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"24215766\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a5b69a5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1a5b69a5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4288e3fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4288e3fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"page-title\"><span style=\"color: #000666;\">Childhood Epilepsy and Learning<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1684aae9 elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"1684aae9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/css\/widget-icon-list.min.css\"><link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/pro-elements\/assets\/css\/widget-theme-elements.min.css?ver=1747297119\">\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0d080fc elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-calendar\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M12 192h424c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v260c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V204c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12zm436-44v-36c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48h-48V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H160V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v36c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h424c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>08\/06\/2022<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-e2c89b4 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"about\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-tags\" viewBox=\"0 0 640 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M497.941 225.941L286.059 14.059A48 48 0 0 0 252.118 0H48C21.49 0 0 21.49 0 48v204.118a48 48 0 0 0 14.059 33.941l211.882 211.882c18.744 18.745 49.136 18.746 67.882 0l204.118-204.118c18.745-18.745 18.745-49.137 0-67.882zM112 160c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48s21.49-48 48-48 48 21.49 48 48-21.49 48-48 48zm513.941 133.823L421.823 497.941c-18.745 18.745-49.137 18.745-67.882 0l-.36-.36L527.64 323.522c16.999-16.999 26.36-39.6 26.36-63.64s-9.362-46.641-26.36-63.64L331.397 0h48.721a48 48 0 0 1 33.941 14.059l211.882 211.882c18.745 18.745 18.745 49.137 0 67.882z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-terms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/epilepsy\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Epilepsy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/tag\/neuroscience\/\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Neuroscience<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19326f1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19326f1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"right\"} --><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">By Sharlene McHolm, doctor of education and\u00a0Master in Applied <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">Neuroscience<\/a> student<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<h2>Abstract<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-231a19e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"231a19e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>One of the most well-known <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">neurological disorders<\/a> affecting the central nervous system is epilepsy. This condition affects approximately 0.5% to 1% of children and is the most frequent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">chronic neurological condition<\/a> (Mayo Clinic, 2022). Globally, more than 291 million children (less than 20 years old), live with epilepsy. More shockingly, 95% of these children are from low to middle income countries (Olusanya, et al., 2020).<\/p>\n<p>Worldwide, it is estimated that 5.1% of these children (0-15 years) live with moderate disabilities and 0.7% children live with severe disability (WHO, 2004). Coupling this with the ineffective response for 30% of drug-resistant epileptics, understanding its implications to learning is critical. Furthering the need to understand this neurological disorder\u2019s impact, approximately 25% of epileptics also have Learning Disorders (LD) (Beghi et al., 2006). The loss of learning, directly connected to this neurological disorder has suppressed educational opportunities for millions of deserving youths. With attention to the causes, implications and treatments of epilepsy, educators can employ compensational techniques to enhance the child with epilepsy\u2019s learning outcomes.<\/p>\n<h2>Neurological Causes of Epilepsy<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d392bb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d392bb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder that damages the brain over time. In the simplest terms, epilepsy is caused by an imbalance in the brain\u2019s electrical current. While a person is seizing, the normal electrical current has been disrupted by a hypersynchronous or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">abnormal neuronal firing<\/a> (Brennan &amp; Henshall, 2020). The alteration in the normal pattern of electrical flow can cause a wide array of disruptions from pauses in movement for less than 5 seconds to full body generalize clonic seizures that lead to a loss of consciousness. These prolonged seizures are shown to lead to the loss of specific brain cells or apoptosis. Depending upon the frequency and focal point of the seizures, learning and memory can be greatly affected.<\/p>\n<h2>Classifications of Epilepsy<\/h2>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d9a1b52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d9a1b52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>Epilepsy is a condition with many subtypes and varying characteristics. Educators\u2019 ability to recognise these different types and symptoms prior to seizing will assist in protecting the child from physical harm while preserving dignity. Some signs and symptoms may include periods of confusion, blank stares, stiffening of muscles, lack of awareness or fainting, jerking- \u00a0movement of limbs and\/or a strong sense of panic or fear.<\/p>\n<p>Clonic seizures (previously known as grand mal seizures) are typically bilateral and generalized. If they start on one side of the body and then spread to both sides of the body they are identified as\u00a0<em>focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures<\/em>. During status epilepticus the full body or one side of the<\/p>\n<p>Body is involved. A loss of speech is typically combined with body jerking and the possibility of loss of bodily controls (drooling, urination or bowel movements). These seizures can last up to five minutes before it is deemed a medical emergency. Medications in the lorazepam, diazepam, clonazepam or midazolam families are the most common rescue drugs. They are given sublingually, or in the buccal cavity or nasal spray administration. In some situations, they can be administered rectally.<\/p>\n<p>Other seizure types include myoclonic (15 seconds in duration or less, typified with short jerking and a clearness of mind), atonic seizures (also 15 second or less, but results in full muscle relaxation), non-clonic seizures (previous known as petite mal), focal aware and focal impaired seizures (localized seizures where the person is conscious or unconscious) and finally absence or atypical absence seizures (5 seconds or less). In a busy classroom, many of the later seizures can go unnoticed. Absence seizures can easily be confused with \u201cday dreaming\u201d and, therefore, these children are not diagnosed as quickly as myoclonic, clonic or atonic seizures.<\/p>\n<p>Despite the range of expression, all of these types of seizures will have significant implications to learning profile and educational outcomes for these children.<\/p>\n<h2>Damage to the Brain<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c592a32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c592a32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>Determining the pathogenesis of epilepsy is complex. As epilepsy can be caused by traumatic brain injuries, brain structure generic abnormalities, infectious disease, storks or tumours, absolute damage to the brain can vary. It can be stable in its focus and impact or it can spread to other regions of the brain. The variability and transitory nature of the disease makes epilepsy protocols also variable.<\/p>\n<p>The blood-brain barrier is the highly selective barrier that keep the circulating blood separate from the brain extracellular fluid. Alterations to the Blood-Brain Barrier through albumin extravasation and diapedesis of the leucocytes from the blood into the brain induces the epileptogenesis (L\u00f6scher &amp; Friedman, 2020). Seizures themselves may regulate the Brain- Blood Barrier, leading to a chain reaction of modifications in the astrocytes and eventually the very neuronal networks themselves.<\/p>\n<p>Brain tissue shows the effects of ongoing seizure activity. Common features include neuronal loss, gliosis, inflammatory markers and microscopic and macroscopic reorganisation of networks. Non-coding RNA genes called microRNAs (miRNAs) inhibit protein-coding, thereby changing multiple aspects of the cell structure in its function (Brennan &amp; Henshall, 2020). Axonal and dendritic structures along with neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels and transporters equate to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">compromised neurophysiological function<\/a> (Brennan &amp; Henshall, 2020).<\/p>\n<h2>Therapies and Treatments &#8211; Medication<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727dbfe4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"727dbfe4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>There are approximately 30 different Anti-Seizure Medications (ASM) currently on the market, with a number of additions being made in the last decade. The most common drugs are in the lorazepam, diazepam, phenytoin, clonazepam, carbamazepine, gabapentin or midazolam families (Mayo Clinic, 2022). Cannabidiol oral solutions and cenobamate are recent additions to the option list.<\/p>\n<h2>Therapies and Treatments &#8211; Deep Brain Stimulation<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58f97e6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58f97e6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p>The interest in Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has been considered for many brain abnormalities and epilepsy is one of them. With recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration\u2019s FDA approval for DBS in bilateral stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) to reduce seizure frequency in adults (Salanova, 2018), additional research in children is required. Although some positive findings have occurred, case studies are small (Silva, et al. 2021).\u00a0\u00a0 Silva and colleagues (2021) studied the outcomes of an implanted neurostimulator in the hippocampal and ipsilateral temporal neocortical leads in the temporal lobe of an epileptic. With 1.5 years of data, it was seen to suppress hippocampal low frequency local field potentials. The neurostimulator was also able to modulate the functional connectivity between the hippocampus and neocortex.\u00a0 In this particular case, Silva and colleagues (2021) concluded that DBS offered hope for future generation devices for drug resistant individuals. In temporal lobe epilepsy, patients experience inflammation, particularly in the hippocampal region (Ferreira, et al., 2018). In animal research, DBS has shown that cognitive impairment can be reduced through anterior thalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. During status epilepticus, it was seen that memory deficits were apparent. Despite there was a significantly higher number of cells in the CA1 region of the brain and the dentate gyrus, it did not result in improved memory. Memory deficits were not mitigated.\u00a0 These two studies represent gains in adjunctuary therapies research, yet lack the broad impact to provide assistance to children.<\/p>\n<h2>Epilepsy and Learning\u00a0<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616391d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"616391d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n<p>Educational underachievement and challenges to learning plagues the path of most children with epilepsy. The areas of greatest challenge are memory, attention, and speed of information processing. This stands to reason considering the common nature of temporal lobe involvement in seizure activity. Aldenkamp and colleagues (2005) evaluated educational achievement based upon four characteristics of epilepsy \u2013 a) the type, b) the frequency of epileptiform electroencephalographic (EEG) discharges and the effect of antiepileptic treatment. It was found that the greater the brain involvement, the higher frequency and duration of the seizures, more significant gaps in learning resulted. Those children with underlying etiological brain dysfunction or damage had lower intelligence and lower cognitive functioning.<\/p>\n<p>Consideration and attention have also been drawn to antiepileptic drugs\u2019 (AED) implication to childhood learning. Frank and colleagues (2021) have suggested that newer AED\u2019s show less cognitive and behavioural adverse effects. Older medication formulations have anecdotally been seen to cause a \u201cdulling\u201d of the child\u2019s behaviour and personality (Frank et al. 2021).<\/p>\n<p>Children with temporal lobe epilepsy are associated with decreased local gyrification in the rostral, caudal middle frontal gyrus, inferior precentral cortex insula inferior parietal cortex, lateral occipital cortex, rostral anterior cingulate and medial orbital frontal regions (Hwang et al., 2019). This leads to slower processing speeds of information. In the educational context, a slower processing speed has implications to all aspects of learning. Students with epilepsy require additional time in aspects of learning \u2013 including reading, reasoning and writing. They struggle to automate new skills and will require greater repetition to integrate their learning.<\/p>\n<p>Children with epilepsy have many factors that disadvantage their educational careers. As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">neuroscientists<\/a>, we must further the research to lessen the impact of abnormal hypersynchronous neural firing. As educators, we must develop plans to support these neurodivergent learners. Only when neuroscience and education come together, will we provide the necessary supports for these young learners.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:shortcode --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:shortcode --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-420da36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"420da36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-toggle{text-align:start}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin:0;padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;cursor:pointer;outline:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon{display:inline-block;width:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon svg{margin-inline-start:-5px;width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-right{float:right;text-align:right}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-left{float:left;text-align:left}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active{border-bottom:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;display:none}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{padding:12px}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:12px 10px}}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-toggle,.e-con>.elementor-widget-toggle{width:var(--container-widget-width);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-6921\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6921\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">References<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-6921\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-6921\"><p>Aldenkamp, A. P., Weber, B., Overweg-Plandsoen, W. C., Reijs, R., &amp; van Mil, S. (2005).<\/p><p>Educational underachievement in children with epilepsy: a model to predict the effects of epilepsy on educational achievement.\u00a0<em>Journal of child neurology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>20<\/em>(3), 175-180.<\/p><p>Beghi, M., Cornaggia, C., Frigeni, B., &amp; Beghi, E. (2006). Learning Disorders in Epilepsy,<\/p><p><em>Epilepsia<\/em>,\u00a0<em>47<\/em>, 14-18.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00681.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00681.x<\/a><\/p><p>Brennan, G. P., &amp; Henshall, D. C. (2020). MicroRNAs as regulators of brain function and targets for treatment of epilepsy.\u00a0<em>Nature Reviews Neurology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>16<\/em>(9), 506-519.<\/p><p>Ferreira, E. S., Vieira, L. G., Moraes, D. M., Amorim, B. O., Malheiros, J. M., Hamani, C., &amp; Covolan, L. (2018). Long-term effects of anterior thalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on spatial learning in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy.\u00a0<em>Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface<\/em>,\u00a0<em>21<\/em>(2), 160-167.<\/p><p>Frank M. C. Besag, Michael J. Vasey, (2021). Neurocognitive Effects of Antiseizure Medications in Children and Adolescents with Epilepsy,\u00a0<em>Pediatric Drugs<\/em>, 10.1007\/s40272-021-00448- 0, 23, 3, 253-286.<\/p><p>Gogou, M., &amp; Cross, J. H. (2022). Seizures and epilepsy in childhood.\u00a0<em>CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>28<\/em>(2), 428-456.<\/p><p>Hwang, G., Dabbs, K., Conant, L., Nair, V. A., Mathis, J., Almane, D. N., \u2026 &amp; Hermann, B. (2019).<\/p><p>Cognitive slowing and its underlying neurobiology in temporal lobe epilepsy.\u00a0<em>Cortex<\/em>,\u00a0<em>117<\/em>, 41-52.<\/p><p>L\u00f6scher, W., &amp; Friedman, A. (2020). Structural, molecular, and functional alterations of the blood-brain barrier during epileptogenesis and epilepsy: a cause, consequence, or both?.\u00a0<em>International journal of molecular sciences<\/em>,\u00a0<em>21<\/em>(2), 591.<\/p><p>Mayo Clinic. (2022). Signs and Symptoms of Epilepsy.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/epilepsy\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350093\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/epilepsy\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350093<\/a><\/p><p>Olusanya, B. O., Wright, S. M., Nair, M. K. C., Boo, N. Y., Halpern, R., Kuper, H., \u2026 &amp; Global Research on Developmental Disabilities Collaborators. (2020). Global burden of childhood epilepsy, intellectual disability, and sensory impairments.\u00a0<em>Pediatrics<\/em>,\u00a0<em>146<\/em>(1).<\/p><p>Salanova, V. (2018). Deep brain stimulation for epilepsy.\u00a0<em>Epilepsy &amp; Behavior<\/em>,\u00a0<em>88<\/em>, 21-24.<\/p><p>Alexander B. Silva, Ankit N. Khambhati, Benjamin A. Speidel, Edward F. Chang, Vikram R. Rao. (2021). Effects of anterior thalamic nuclei stimulation on hippocampal activity: Chronic recording in a patient with drug-resistant focal epilepsy,\u00a0<em>Epilepsy &amp; Behavior Reports<\/em>,\u00a0<em>16<\/em>, 100467,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebr.2021.100467.\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebr.2021.100467.<\/a><\/p><p>World Health Organization. (2008) The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/43942\">www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/43942<\/a>.<\/p><p>Yan, H., Toyota, E., Anderson, M., Abel, T. J., Donner, E., Kalia, S. K., \u2026 &amp; Ibrahim, G. M. (2018).<\/p><p>A systematic review of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in childhood.\u00a0<em>Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics<\/em>,\u00a0<em>23<\/em>(3), 274-284.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cdc839d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3cdc839d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae8e23b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ae8e23b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container{height:100%;width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty{position:relative;min-height:22px;min-width:22px}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;padding:0;width:22px;height:22px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47f2446b elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-text\" data-id=\"47f2446b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-text.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Check our educational programmes:<\/h5>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65f48a1c e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65f48a1c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ce895ab elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"7ce895ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-content{width:100%}@media (min-width:768px){.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper,.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{display:flex}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:end;flex-direction:row-reverse}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:start;flex-direction:row}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-top .elementor-image-box-img{margin:auto}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-top .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-start}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-middle .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-bottom .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-end}}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-bottom:15px}}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-title a{color:inherit}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-description{margin:0}<\/style><div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/audiology\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14634\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/oreja_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saera.eu\/en\/audiology\/\">Audiology<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48659176 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"48659176\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14637\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ojo_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/optometry\/\">Optometry<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13450921 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"13450921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14636\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cerebro_cuadrado-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/applied-neuroscience-programmes\/\">Neuroscience<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5866f6f3 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"5866f6f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/speech-and-language-therapy-programmes\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14635\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1-390x390.jpg 390w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Fonoaudiologia-1-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/speech-and-language-therapy-programmes\/\">Speech-Language Pathology<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49403da8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-text\" data-id=\"49403da8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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                               \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Mar-17-2026-10_09_50-AM-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 17 March 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">Speech-in-Noise Testing in Arabic: A Literature Review and Clinical Implications for Lebanese Arabic<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/17\/speech-in-noise-testing-in-arabic-a-literature-review-and-clinical-implications-for-lebanese-arabic\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n               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src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Rajeev-S.-2026.-Tinnitus-Management-and-Rehabilation.-SAERA-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 5 March 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">Tinnitus Management and Rehabilitation: The Efficiency of Tinnitus Masker and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Patients with Normal Hearing and Mild to Moderate Hearing Loss<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/03\/05\/tinnitus-management-and-rehabilitation\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_audiology filter_blog filter_masters-thesis \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA.png 1536w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Khalil-E.-M.-2026.-Comparative-Sound-Processing-Strategies-in-Cochlear-Implants-Cochlear-ACE-MED-EL-FS4-and-Advanced-Bionics-HiResOptima.-SAERA-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 17 February 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">Comparative Sound-Processing Strategies in Cochlear Implants: Cochlear (ACE), MED-EL (FS4), and Advanced Bionics (HiRes\/Optima)<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/comparative-sound-processing-strategies-in-cochlear-implants\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-item col-lg-12  filter_collaborations \">\r\n\r\n                                                    <div class=\"no-gutter blog-item rs-blog-grid1\">\r\n                                                           \r\n                                <div class=\"image-part\">\r\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">\r\n                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"685\" src=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-300x171.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-1024x585.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-02-11-at-11.45.17-e1770815562912-768x438.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/>                                    <\/a> \r\n                                <\/div>                             \r\n                                \r\n                                <div class=\"blog-content\">                                    \r\n                                                                               <ul class=\"blog-meta\">\r\n                                                                                                                                            <li><i class=\"fa fa-calendar-check-o\"><\/i> 11 February 2026<\/li>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                <\/ul>\r\n                                                                                \r\n                                        <h3 class=\"title dd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">SAERA Contributes Standardised Assessment Tools to RICPP Testing Laboratory<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                                <div class=\"btn-btm d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between\">\r\n                                                                                                                                        <div class=\"btn-part\">\r\n                                                    <a class=\"readon-arrow\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2026\/02\/11\/saera-contributes-standardised-assessment-tools-to-ricpp-testing-laboratory\/\">\r\n                                                        Read More <i class=\"fa fa fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\r\n                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                <\/div>                                \r\n                            \r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                    \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t                 \r\n                         \r\n                <\/div>   \r\n                               \r\n            \t    \r\n                              \r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t   \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>With attention to the causes, implications and treatments of epilepsy, educators can employ compensational techniques to enhance the child with epilepsy\u2019s learning outcomes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14874,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[91,176,92],"tags":[117,104],"class_list":["post-14872","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-blog","category-neuroscience","tag-epilepsy","tag-neuroscience"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Childhood Epilepsy and Its Impact on Learning | SAERA<\/title>\n<meta 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Explore the challenges and educational strategies to support affected children.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/saera.eu\/en\/2022\/06\/08\/childhood-epilepsy-and-learning\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Childhood Epilepsy and Its Impact on Learning | SAERA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover how childhood epilepsy affects learning and cognitive development. 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